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Volcanoes are derived from Latin term 'Vulcanus', god of fire. Considered workshops due to emission of gases and lava. Contains diagram showing mid-oceanic ridge, mid-ocean ridge volcanic islands/chain, Circum Pacific belt (terra-fired). Distribution of volcanoes: 1) 2/3rd of active volcanoes in Circum-Pacific belt 2) Presence in convergence of plates (Eurasian and African - Stromboli, Vesuvius) 3) Archipelagos (Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa in Pacific, Ring of fire, Tonga in Southern Pacific). Pacific Ring of Fire: 1) Contiguous zone of volcanoes from Indonesia, Japan Ryugu, Russia Shivelski, USA and Pacific Tonga

Continuation on Pacific volcanoes: 2) Formed due to convergence of Pacific plate with Eurasian, Indo-Asian and South American plates. 3) Most of volcanoes - active and large impact (Krakatau volcano in 2022). 4) Most volcanoes under ocean = Low thick crust = Easy magma outflow. Soil fertility diagram showing benefits of volcanoes: Benefits on live side - mineral mining, geothermal energy, seismic studies (interior of earth). Right side shows parents with volcano trigger earthquakes/tsunami. High casualty outcomes from volcanic activity. High lava spread stratovolcanoes and pyroclastic with composite volcano structure.

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