Examine the role of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model in the development of ports in India.

Challenges: (1) High initial cost → ports require substantial capital outlay (2) Large gestation period → deter private investments (3) Low enthusiasm & private firms interests in port handling activities (4) Remuneration → difficulty in cost realisation (5) Balance sheet concerns → corporates face significant losses in infra (6) Difficulties in disbursing responsibility → blatties between govt. & private sector (7) Raise of accidents, port mishandling & component on quality Innovative models such as HAM, wage for SAGARMALA → uncentivised private investment effective PPP

— ASTHA JAIN · AIR 9