How can a 'rule of law culture' contribute towards promoting individual liberty and democratic governance in a society like India? What are the challenges in fostering such a culture? (Answer in 250 words)

As per World Justice Project, India ranks 77th out of 140 countries in rule of law broken. Rule of law culture in India: → Article 14 makes every one equal in eyes of law → Cites laws in binding → No one is above law → Every one is subject to ordinary jurisdiction of law. → President and governor (Criminal case) → Diplomats & foreigner Press freedom Exception to rule of law: Individual liberty: i Promotes equality in the sense ii Despot let the unwise and government from arbitrary iii Every one is subject and can be used under law. Democratic Governance: i Fundamental to ensure care of doing business in nation v Supported by principles of Natural Justice vi Part of Basic structure (Maneka Gandhi Case 1978) vii Supports free and fair elections in a democracy.

Rule of law: Individual liberty and Democratic governance i Individual liberty: a Promotes equality in the sense b Despot let the unwise and government from arbitrary c Every one is subject and can be used under law. (2) Democratic Governance: i Fundamental to ensure care of doing business in nation v Supported by principles of Natural Justice vi Part of Basic structure (Maneka Gandhi Case 1978) vii Supports free and fair elections in a democracy.

Challenges fostering such culture: i Rule in majoritarian culture (2) Subversion of Judiciary (Attempts at NJAC Act, 2014) (3) Misuse of Agencies → ED → only 23 conviction on 888 cases (4) Labelling dissent and criticism as sedition → PRS Vinod Duo Case (2020) Way forward: → Separation of Power → Constitutionalism → Avoiding misuse of power Developing constitutional morality in citizen is key to foster 'rule of law' culture.

"Civil society is not just front of society but a glue that binds its constituents together" - Would Rene Civil society in charitable used: Robinhood Army Food | Blood Connect Blood | Khalsa Foundation Help | Akshay Patra Foundation Food NGO Disaster | NAASC (Apron society) CSO is unwholent in political process for future. i For human rights of the individual: → Amnesty International: Human Rights → Bhartiya Makila: Triple Talag born Muslim Association → Young Lawyers: Sakshumala entity Association (2) Empowerment of vulnerable section → SCWA → Digital Lipen → Woman entrepreneurship (3) Voicing against discrimination → Nams foundation → LGBTQ + (4) Agent of social change → MKSS in RTI Act sole (5) Sustainable future

Individual: a Amnesty International: Human Rights Bhartiya Makila: Triple Talag born Muslim Association Young Lawyers: Sakshumala entity Association (2) Empowerment of vulnerable section → SCWA → Digital Lipen → Woman entrepreneurship (3) Voicing against discrimination → Nams foundation → LGBTQ + (4) Agent of social change → MKSS in RTI Act sole (5) Sustainable future a Queen peace, ⓘ → environment b Clean Innovation & adoption of future technology → Crowd funding by Humans of Bombay c Helping government in service delivery → Pamuza Band → Switch board Campaign d Protecting our future (our children) → CRY, Bachpan Bachao Andolan e Analysing impact and data collection → ACER, Pratham, IPCC Challenges faced: → funds → lack of volunteerism → own challenge Undemocratic Thus we need to engage CSOs as stakeholder to ensure Sakha Nayak in development

— pakshal · AIR 8