The Indian monsoon is a complex phenomenon influenced by various climatic factors. Critically examine the role of oceanic and atmospheric factors in determining the intensity and distribution of monsoon rainfall in India.
Main Body
Indian monsoon is the lifeline of India since it brings 80% of seasonal rainfall in the country. Yet it remains a complex phenomenon → Sudden onset, Break in between, Spatial & temporal variation, Retreat, Multifactorial dependence.
Role of oceanic factors:
a) Indian ocean dipole (IOD):
[Diagram showing BoB (Cold), Arabian Sea (Hot), with positive IOD showing more rainfall and negative IOD showing less rainfall]
b) El Niño & La Niña:
[Diagram showing El Niño event causes drought-like situation in Indian monsoon]
HP----[cold]----LP [Peruvian Coast]
East Australia LP↑----↑HP [Peruvian Coast]
La Niña event → causes high rainfall in India
[Fig] Triple Dip La Niña → 2020, 21 and 22
Role of Atmospheric factors:
[Diagram showing STWS position]
Northern Branch
Southern Branch
For more rainfall → Southern Branch of STWS should be about Indian subcontinent.
[Diagram showing Tibetan (LP) (Tibetan Easterly) TEJS and Somali get stream]
Somali get stream → TEJS drives more rainfall
[Diagram showing monsoon system interactions]
Note from first page (overlapping context about rare earth elements):
Significance:
— Abhimanyu Malik · AIR 60
Diagram
Multiple diagrams showing: 1) El Niño and La Niña effects on pressure systems and rainfall; 2) Position of subtropical westerly jet streams (Northern and Southern branches); 3) Somali jet stream and Tibetan Easterly jet stream interaction; 4) ITCZ fluctuation effects
- Comprehensive coverage of multiple oceanic and atmospheric factors
- Good use of diagrams to illustrate complex phenomena
- Connection to real climatic events (El Niño, La Niña, Triple Dip La Niña)
Abhimanyu Malik
Salient features of World's Physical Geography
Indian monsoon and climatic factors
Role of oceanic and atmospheric factors
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