Question 18GS1GS1
Urban poverty in India persists despite high economic growth. What are the structural causes of urban poverty in India? Suggest appropriate measures to address the problem of urban poverty. (Answer in 250 words)
Introduction
Urban poverty is the prevalence of marginalized and socio-economically backward centers populations in urban centers.
15 words
Main Body
It still persists in India:
1More than 16% urban population lives in slums
2High cost of urban healthcare leads to financial insecurity
3Jobless growth forces urban poor into to engage in low paying jobs
4Skill gap prevents urban poor from accessing high-paying tertiary sector jobs
Structural Causes of Urban Poverty:
1Jobless Growth → in tertiary sector
Doesn't absorb labour and forces employes in low income jobs.
2Societal marginalization hinders mobility of SCs, STs → 76% manual scavenging by SCs
3Lack of affordable housing leads to declining disposable income
4Skill gap leads to exclusion of urban poor from high-paying jobs ⇔ in the IT sector.
5Lack of Manufacturing growth → only 20% of employment present mass-employment at low-skill labor
Measures to reform issues:
1Promotion of housing development under schemes such as PM Awas Yojana
2Increasing skilling and employment of workers under schemes like PMKVY
3Promoting vocational education in schools and midday meal to increase attendance
4Development of entrepreneurship in manufacturing and IT under PM MUDRA and SIDBI grants
5Increasing insurance penetration in urban poor population by PMJAY and free primary care
6Enforcement of societal and legal safeguards like NFMASAE to prevent employment in hazardous sector
Urban poverty is a crucial issue to resolve in reaching a SS billion economy.
Heat stress → bleaching of corals
2Ocean acidification leads to dissolution of corals
3Presence of invasive species brought by tourism, such as Great Barile/Reef causes competition
4Illegal mining and sale of corals for carbonate ⇒ used in Cement
5Anthropogenic weather variations due to global warming reduce climatic sustainability of corals
6Shift in current ⇒ loss of nutrient
Corals are integral to preserving Marine biodiversity. Initiatives such as artificial backwaters in Mumbai signify positive developments to achieve SDG-14
— Varun Tokas · AIR 117
305 words5 paragraphs
Conclusion
Urban poverty is a crucial issue to resolve in reaching a 5S billion economy.
14 words
Answer continues on next page
- Clear definition of urban poverty
- Provides specific statistics (16% slum population)
- Identifies key causal factors (jobless growth, skill gap, healthcare costs)
- Specific statistics on SC manual scavenging (76%)
- Clear connection between structural issues and poverty
- Names actual government schemes (PM Awas Yojana, PMKVY)
- Addresses social discrimination dimension
- Comprehensive policy approach spanning multiple sectors
- Covers health, education, employment, and social protection
- Names specific schemes (PMJAY, NFMASAE)
- Links urban poverty to broader economic goals
- Clear enumeration of multiple threat factors to coral ecosystems
- Connects local examples (Mumbai) to global sustainability goals
- Links environmental threats to socio-economic impacts
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Topper
Varun Tokas
AIR 117
Subject & Paper
GS1GS1
Topic
Urban Poverty in India
Structural Causes and Policy Measures
Slums, Inequality, Economic Growth Disconnect, Poverty Alleviation
Writing Stats
334
Total words
5
Paragraphs
conclusive analytical
Tone