भारतीय मानसून जलवायु के विभिन्न कारकों द्वारा प्रभावित एक जटिल परिघटना है। भारत में मानसून वर्षा की तीव्रता और वितरण को निर्धारित करने में महासागरीय और वायुमंडलीय कारकों की भूमिका की समालोचनात्मक जांच कीजिए। The Indian monsoon is a complex phenomenon influenced by various climatic factors. Critically examine the role of oceanic and atmospheric factors in determining the intensity and distribution of monsoon rainfall in India. (Answer in 250 words) 15 Marks

ROLE OF OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC FACTORS IN DETERMINING THE INTENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF MONSOON ':-

develops high pressure.

[Diagram showing Walker Cell Circulation in a Normal Year with arrows indicating circulation patterns between locations marked as HP (High Pressure), LP (Low Pressure), Darwin, Tahiti, SE Trade winds, and Peru/coastal areas]

Fig 1: Walker Cell Circulation in a Normal Year.

However, during El Niño, the South East trade winds weaken.

Hence, warm waters are not pushed as much towards Australia and there is little upwelling of cold water in Peru. Thus, Peru remains warm in Peru.

Thus, low pressure (LFP) develops in Peru and HP develops in Australia.

The normal walkers cell circulation gets disturbed and then, there is little South West Monsoon in India.

Thus, El Niño has a negative impact on Indian monsoon.

DISTRIBUTION OF MONSOON RAIN IN INDIA:

due to temperate cyclones in Mediterranean sea, western disturbances cause monsoon in North India during winters.

In summer, due to South west Monsoon winds, rain occurs in North India and East India.

It is however, due to western ghats, Pune lies in rainshadow area.

Similarly, during (winter), Tamil Nadu gets maximum rain due to North East trade winds.

Thus, monsoon is unevenly distributed across India.

Thus, monsoon is unevenly distributed across India.

— Ruhani · AIR 5